Sativa cbd oil
These types or strains of Cannabis strains are deeply routed in Cannabis culture and usually, if you are into smoking you will be asking which is your preference. THC is prohibited by the misuse of drugs act and is therefore illegal in the UK. This is important for those who know a lot about Cannabis and are looking for a CBD oil. So when faced with an overwhelming array of oils that are made with a Sativa, it may be confusing.
Does CBD Come from Indica or Sativa?
Metrics details. Cannabis sativa has been cultivated throughout human history as a source of fiber, oil and food, and for its medicinal and intoxicating properties.
Selective breeding has produced cannabis plants for specific uses, including high-potency marijuana strains and hemp cultivars for fiber and seed production. The molecular biology underlying cannabinoid biosynthesis and other traits of interest is largely unexplored. We report a draft haploid genome sequence of Mb and a transcriptome of 30, genes. Comparison of the transcriptome of Purple Kush with that of the hemp cultivar 'Finola' revealed that many genes encoding proteins involved in cannabinoid and precursor pathways are more highly expressed in Purple Kush than in 'Finola'.
Resequencing the hemp cultivars 'Finola' and 'USO' showed little difference in gene copy numbers of cannabinoid pathway enzymes. However, single nucleotide variant analysis uncovered a relatively high level of variation among four cannabis types, and supported a separation of marijuana and hemp.
The availability of the Cannabis sativa genome enables the study of a multifunctional plant that occupies a unique role in human culture. Its availability will aid the development of therapeutic marijuana strains with tailored cannabinoid profiles and provide a basis for the breeding of hemp with improved agronomic characteristics.
One of the earliest domesticated plant species, Cannabis sativa L. From its site of domestication in Central Asia, the cultivation of cannabis spread in ancient times throughout Asia and Europe and is now one of the most widely distributed cultivated plants [ 1 ].
Hemp fibre was used for textile production in China more than years BP before present [ 2 ]. Archaeological evidence for the medicinal or shamanistic use of cannabis has been found in a year old tomb in north-western China and a Judean tomb from years BP [ 3 , 4 ]. Currently cannabis and its derivatives such as hashish are the most widely consumed illicit drugs in the world [ 5 ]. Its use is also increasingly recognized in the treatment of a range of diseases such as multiple sclerosis and conditions with chronic pain [ 6 , 7 ].
In addition, hemp forms of cannabis are grown as an agricultural crop in many countries. Cannabis is an erect annual herb with a dioecious breeding system, although monoecious plants exist. Wild and cultivated forms of cannabis are morphologically variable, resulting in confusion and controversy over the taxonomic organization of the genus see [ 8 ] for review.
Some authors have proposed a monotypic genus, C. In light of the taxonomic uncertainty, we use C. The unique pharmacological properties of cannabis are due to the presence of cannabinoids, a group of more than natural products that mainly accumulate in female flowers "buds" [ 9 , 10 ].
Although cannabinoid biosynthesis is not understood at the biochemical or genetic level, several key enzymes have been identified including a candidate polyketide synthase and the two oxidocyclases, THCA synthase THCAS and cannabidiolic acid CBDA synthase, which form the major cannabinoid acids [ 16 — 18 ].
Cannabinoid content and composition is highly variable among cannabis plants. There are large differences in the minor cannabinoid constituents within these basic chemotypes. Breeding of cannabis for use as a drug and medicine, as well as improved cultivation practices, has led to increased potency in the past several decades with median levels of THC in dried female flowers of ca. This breeding effort, largely a covert activity by marijuana growers, has produced hundreds of strains that differ in cannabinoid and terpenoid composition, as well as appearance and growth characteristics.
Patients report medical marijuana strains differ in their therapeutic effects, although evidence for this is anecdotal. Female plants are homogametic XX and males heterogametic XY with sex determination controlled by an X-to-autosome balance system [ 20 ]. The estimated size of the haploid genome is Mb for female plants and Mb for male plants, owing to the larger size of the Y chromosome [ 21 ]. Neither a physical nor a genetic map of the cannabis genome is available.
Here, we report a draft genome and transcriptome sequence of C. We found evidence for the selection of cannabis for medicinal and drug marijuana use in the up-regulation of cannabinoid 'pathway genes' and the exclusive presence of functional THCA synthase THCAS in the genome and transcriptome of PK. We obtained DNA and RNA samples from plants of PK, a clonally propagated marijuana strain that may have been bred in California and is reportedly derived from an "indica" genetic background [ 24 ].
To increase coverage of rare transcripts, we also sequenced a normalized cDNA library made from a mixture of the six RNA samples, obtaining an additional To gauge the success of the outputs, and to refine the assemblies, we used both traditional measures coverage, bases in assembly, N50, maximum contig size and contig count as well as comparisons between the assembled versions of the genome and transcriptome.
For the transcriptome, we used two different assemblers, ABySS and Inchworm, to obtain the best possible coverage. Both assemblers were run on the individual tissue datasets and normalized cDNA libraries, as well as the full set of RNA-Seq data summarized in Table 2. We used predicted splice junctions and the presence of apparent coding regions to orient the assembled transcripts and to perform quality control QC.
In general, Inchworm produced assemblies with a larger N50 than ABySS Table 2 ; however, we also observed many cases in which adjacent transcripts e. The filtered individual ABySS and Inchworm assemblies were combined by first selecting the largest transcript among sets of near-identical sequences from each assembly, followed by a second stage where transcripts with blunt overlaps were joined. This second step resulted in a significant improvement of transcript N50 from 1.
The final merged assembly contains 40, transcripts falling into 30, clusters of isoforms Table 3. We selected the transcript with the largest open reading frame ORF as the representative for each cluster, resulting in a pruned assembly with an N50 of 1.
The total number of bases in representative Arabidopsis transcripts is, however, somewhat larger 50 Mb, [ 29 ] which may indicate that some of the PK transcripts are partial or that genes are represented by more than one non-contiguous fragments.
We noted a 3' end bias in the normalized cDNA library, presumably due to the polyA priming step data not shown. Moreover, by combining near-identical transcripts during assembly merging and isoform clustering, we likely collapsed transcripts of large multi-copy gene families.
Indeed, applying our isoform clustering algorithm to the Arabidopsis assembly reduces the total number of bases to 44 Mb, which is mostly due to the loss of transposable element genes. Overall, our assembled PK transcriptome is therefore very similar to the deeply characterized Arabidopsis transcriptome, both in size and composition. Transcript classes in Cannabis sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana. Panther [ 28 ] was used to determine the distribution of transcripts in a C.
The high degree of similarity between both species indicates that all major functional classes are proportionally represented in the PK transcriptome assembly. Mate-pair libraries and Illumina were further processed to remove duplicate pairs and unmated reads. The Illumina mate-pair libraries had a significant impact on the assembly, increasing the N50 from 2 kb to 12 kb.
Addition of the large-insert data increased this to 16 kb As an additional measure of completeness, we also examined the proportion of the transcriptome represented in the genome assembly. Overall, Thus, our draft genome assembly appears to represent a large majority of the genic, non-repetitive C. Proportion of transcriptome mapping to genome assembly.
The black dashed line indicates the proportion of the transcriptome that is accounted for in the genome assembly. The assembled C. Our first step in the functional analysis of the C. In metazoans e. Therefore, many genes have a highly restricted expression pattern. By contrast, in plants, different photosynthetic tissues are often composed of a similar set of cell types.
Moreover, photosynthetic processes and primary metabolic pathways have widespread expression, and only a minor proportion of transcripts appear to be uniquely expressed in a given cell type [ 32 ]. Consistent with these observations, we found all of the cannabis photosynthetic tissues to have similar expression profiles Figure 3a. Analysis of gene expression in PK tissues.
Hexanoate could arise through fatty acid degradation, involving desaturase, lipoxygenase LOX and hydroperoxide lyase HPL steps. Activation of hexanoate by an acyl-activating enzyme AAE yields hexanoyl-CoA, which is the substrate for the polyketide synthase enzyme OLS that forms olivetolic acid. The prenyl side-chain originates in the MEP pathway, which provides substrates for GPP synthesis, and is added by an aromatic prenyltransferase PT [ 36 ].
Pathway enzymes and metabolic intermediates are indicated in black and blue, respectively. The majority of the genes encoding cannabinoid and precursor pathway enzymes are most highly expressed in the flowering stages.
Gene and pathway names correspond to those used in panel B. Nonetheless, flowers show a pattern of gene expression consistent with the biosynthesis of cannabinoids and terpenoids in these organs. Cannabinoids are prenylated polyketides that are synthesized from the short-chain fatty acid hexanoate and geranyl diphosphate GPP [ 23 , 33 ].
The latter precursor, which is the substrate for an aromatic prenyltransferase enzyme, is derived from the 2- C -methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate MEP pathway [ 34 — 36 ] see Figure 3b for details. We found that the genes encoding cannabinoid pathway enzymes and also most of those encoding proteins e. This finding is consistent with cannabinoids being synthesized in glandular trichomes, the highest density of which is found on female flowers [ 37 ].
It is worth noting that of the 19 'pathway genes' we analyzed, 18 were complete in the transcriptome assembly, underscoring its quality. The transcript of the MDS gene which encodes a protein involved in the MEP pathway was assembled in two fragments with a blunt overlap of 48 nt, narrowly missing the merging threshold of 50 nt.
This sequence was resolved by merging the fragments manually. All 'pathway genes' are fully represented in the draft genome and an overview of their genomic locations is provided on the Cannabis Genome Browser website [ 30 ].
Although there are differences in the morphology of marijuana and hemp strains, the THC content of PK and other strains selected and bred for use as marijuana is remarkably high. We investigated whether the high THC production in PK was associated with increased gene expression levels of cannabinoid pathway enzymes, relative to those in hemp. We performed RNA-Seq analysis on Finola flowers at the mid-stage of development, generating a total of It was created by crossing early maturing hemp varieties from the Vavilov Research Institute St.
Petersburg, Russia , 'Finola' might be derived from a " ruderalis " genetic background [ 38 ]. Figure 4a shows that the overall mid-flower transcript profiles, expressed as RPKM reads per kb per million reads , are similar between PK and 'Finola'; however, the entire cannabinoid pathway is expressed at higher levels in PK than in 'Finola', with later steps increased as much as fold Figure 4a.
Comparison of gene expression in female cannabis flowers, and gene copy number, between marijuana PK and hemp 'Finola'. Specific subsets of transcripts are shown in color, as indicated in the key. The dashed line represents the relative enrichment of trichomes in the marijuana strain, inferred from the ratio in expression of trichome-specific genes, as defined in the text. Genomic reads were trimmed to a length of 32 bases prior to alignment with Bowtie, to allow for mapping close to exon junctions.
The lack of outliers in the scatter plot indicates that there have been relatively few changes in gene copy number between marijuana and hemp. The median genomic DNA read depth for the same genes is shown on the right. The box plots reflect the variation in the depth of coverage of uniquely aligned genomic DNA reads across each transcript, with the median coverage distribution across all transcripts shown as reference All.
Reads that are likely derived from pseudogenes are marked by the symbol [P]. While there is increased expression of most cannabinoid genes in the HEX and CAN pathways left in PK, this does not appear to be due to an increased representation of these genes in the PK genome relative to the 'Finola' genome right.
The difference in gene expression is not due to morphological variability between the strains, such as in the size or proportion of trichomes.
CBD oil is made by extracting CBD from the cannabis plant, then diluting it with a carrier oil like coconut or hemp seed oil. It's gaining momentum. THC is the main psychoactive compound in cannabis plants. It's responsible for the “high” or state of euphoria associated.
CBD, as a medicinal product, has swiftly become one of the most well-known byproducts of the cannabis plant. However, despite the fact that CBD has supplanted marijuana as the primary cannabis product, it is still derived from the cannabis plant and is thus pretty similar to it. This means that there are several similarities between marijuana and CBD concerning its growing history. Just like marijuana, CBD products can be from either sativa or indica cannabis plants.
CBD is a naturally occuring component of the hemp plant.
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Sativa Vs Indica
We've updated our Privacy Policy to make it clearer how we use your personal data. We use cookies to provide you with a better experience, read our Cookie Policy. Article Jul 09, by Nicole Gleichmann. But what if I were to tell you that this sativa vs indica distinction is rooted in inaccurate science? In this article, we are going to pull the veil off marijuana strain classifications, separating fact from fiction.
Types of Cannabis
Important Update: Your well-being continues to be our mission during the current coronavirus situation. The History of Cannabis. The Benefits of Cannabis. Types of Cannabis. The Endocannabinoid System. Medical Cannabis. Traveling with Medical Marijuana. Cannabis grows in many different varieties and has a wide range of effects. Learn more about the different types of cannabis that can help you feel a balanced sense of well-being.
Metrics details. Cannabis sativa has been cultivated throughout human history as a source of fiber, oil and food, and for its medicinal and intoxicating properties.
Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous flowering plant indigenous to eastern Asia but now of cosmopolitan distribution due to widespread cultivation. Each part of the plant is harvested differently, depending on the purpose of its use.
Cannabis Sativa Vs Indica: Is There a Difference?
You have! In Stock. Extracted and distilled from the flowering section of the herb, Oregano Oil is known for its purifying benefits. Our formula, with Oregano Oil, helps to relieve problem skin. Clearly Corrective Dark Spot Solution. Ultra Facial Cream. Facial oils helps to nourish and balance skin—even blemish-prone and oily skin types! As always, we recommend conducting a patch test by applying a small amount of the product on the inside skin of the wrist area to check its compatibility with your skin. However, if you are pregnant, nursing, or have a certain illness or skin condition, we always recommend that you discuss any concerns with your physician and follow their advice. The ingredient we use is Cannabis Sativa Seed Oil derived from the hemp variety of the Cannabis sativa plant, which is non-psychoactive.
Shop organically grown, ethically sourced CBD oil and hemp oil. Enjoy the benefits of cannabis and hemp extracts without ingesting any impurities or additives. We offer a wide range of CBD oils known to help bring better health and wellness to your mind, body, and soul. If you are searching for CBD products with higher concentrations of cannabinoids, our cannabis-based extracts provide the perfect solution. These products use extracts from hemp and cannabis plants grown in carefully controlled environments to boost CBD concentrations. The extract is then diluted in pure, organic carrier oil, such as hemp seed or coconut oil. With Indica based CBD oil, you can receive higher concentrations of cannabinoids such as CBD, allowing you to harness even more of the therapeutic benefits of the extracts. These products are known for their relaxing effects and are typically used later in the day, or at evening time.
