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Cannabidiol CBD is a phytocannabinoid discovered in Cannabidiol can be taken into the body in multiple ways, including by inhalation of cannabis smoke or vapor , as an aerosol spray into the cheek , and by mouth. It may be supplied as CBD oil containing only CBD as the active ingredient no included tetrahydrocannabinol THC or terpenes , a full-plant CBD-dominant hemp extract oil, capsules, dried cannabis, or as a prescription liquid solution. In the United States , the cannabidiol drug Epidiolex was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in for the treatment of two epilepsy disorders. In , CBD was FDA-approved trade name Epidiolex for the treatment of two forms of treatment-resistant epilepsy: Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in children with refractory epilepsy. Research on other uses for CBD includes several neurological disorders, but the findings have not been confirmed to establish such uses in clinical practice.
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Cannabis sativa L. This fast-growing plant has recently seen a resurgence of interest because of its multi-purpose applications: it is indeed a treasure trove of phytochemicals and a rich source of both cellulosic and woody fibers.
Equally highly interested in this plant are the pharmaceutical and construction sectors, since its metabolites show potent bioactivities on human health and its outer and inner stem tissues can be used to make bioplastics and concrete-like material, respectively. In this review, the rich spectrum of hemp phytochemicals is discussed by putting a special emphasis on molecules of industrial interest, including cannabinoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds, and their biosynthetic routes.
Cannabinoids represent the most studied group of compounds, mainly due to their wide range of pharmaceutical effects in humans, including psychotropic activities. The therapeutic and commercial interests of some terpenes and phenolic compounds, and in particular stilbenoids and lignans, are also highlighted in view of the most recent literature data.
Biotechnological avenues to enhance the production and bioactivity of hemp secondary metabolites are proposed by discussing the power of plant genetic engineering and tissue culture. In particular two systems are reviewed, i. Additionally, an entire section is devoted to hemp trichomes, in the light of their importance as phytochemical factories. Ultimately, prospects on the benefits linked to the use of the -omics technologies, such as metabolomics and transcriptomics to speed up the identification and the large-scale production of lead agents from bioengineered Cannabis cell culture, are presented.
The current climatic and economic scenario pushes toward the use of sustainable resources to reduce our dependence on petrochemicals and to minimize the impact on the environment. Plants are precious natural resources, because they can supply both phytochemicals and lignocellulosic biomass. In this review, we focus on hemp Cannabis sativa L. We treat the aspects related to the use of hemp biomass and, more extensively, those linked to its wide variety of phytochemicals.
Known since the ancient times for its medicinal and textile uses Russo et al. This shows the great versatility of this fiber crop and encourages future studies focused on both Cannabis bio chemistry and genetic engineering. Hemp varieties producing oil, biomass or even both are currently cultivated and the availability of the hemp genome sequence greatly helps molecular studies on this important crop van Bakel et al.
The final scope of this review is to discuss the potential of hemp for industry and to highlight its importance for the bio-economy. More specifically, we: i describe the use of hemp biomass i.
Plant lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant renewable resource, which can provide biopolymers, fibers, chemicals and energy Guerriero et al. Anatomical details of Cannabis stem. A Stem of an adult plant ca 2 months ; B The stem can be peeled off and shows a lignified core and a cortex with bast fibers.
C Longitudinal section of hemp stem stained with toluidine blue showing the cortex with a bundle of bast-fibers white asterisk and the core with xylem vessels black asterisk. This heterogeneous cell wall composition makes hemp stem an interesting model to study secondary cell wall biosynthesis, in particular the molecular events underlying the deposition of cortical gelatinous bast fibers and core woody fibers.
Cannabis woody fibers a. Hemp bast fibers are used in the biocomposite sector as a substitute of glass fibers. The automotive industry is particularly keen on using hemp bast fibers to produce bioplastics: this material is stronger than polypropylene plastic and lighter in weight Marsh, Beyond the applications in the construction and automotive industries, hemp fibers are attractive also in the light of their natural antibacterial property.
Hemp bast fibers have been indeed described as antibacterial Hao et al. These compounds possess known antibacterial properties Kiprono et al.
More recently hemp hurd powder showed antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli Khan et al. Since the hurd has a higher lignin content than the bast fibers, its antibacterial property may be linked to lignin-related compounds such phenolic compounds, as well as alkaloids and cannabinoids Appendino et al.
Numerous chemicals are produced in hemp through the secondary metabolism. They include cannabinoids, terpenes and phenolic compounds Flores-Sanchez and Verpoorte, and will be further described in the next sections. Although the pharmacological properties of cannabinoids have extensively been studied and are the most recognized hemp bioactives, the other components have no reasons to envy them, as they have also been associated with potent health-promoting properties.
Research on Cannabis phytochemicals, as well as the widespread therapeutic use of Cannabis products, has been limited due to various reasons, including illegality of cultivation due to its psychoactivity and potential for inducing dependence , variability of active components, and low abundance of some of them in planta. Further attentions is now drawn toward non-THC Cannabis active components, which may act synergistically and contribute to the pharmacological power and entourage effects of medicinal-based Cannabis extract Russo, Phytocannabinoids represent a group of C21 or C22 for the carboxylated forms terpenophenolic compounds predominantly produced in Cannabis.
They have also been reported in plants from the Radula and Helichrysum genus Appendino et al. More than 90 different cannabinoids have been reported in the literature, although some of these are breakdown products ElSohly and Slade, ; Brenneisen, ; Radwan et al.
In this review, we will focus on the most abundant compounds found in the drug- and fiber-type Cannabis. CBCA has been reported to dominate in the cannabinoid fraction of young plants and to decline with maturation Meijer et al.
The phytocannabinoid acids are non-enzymatically decarboxylated into their corresponding neutral forms, which occur both within the plant and, to a much larger extent, upon heating after harvesting Flores-Sanchez and Verpoorte, Phytocannabinoids accumulate in the secretory cavity of the glandular trichomes, which largely occur in female flowers and in most aerial parts of the plants, as further described in the next section.
They have also been detected in low quantity in other parts of the plants including the seeds Ross et al. The level of phytocannabinoids in hempseeds, and thereby of hempseed oil, should be very low as the kernel contains only trace amount of THC or CBD Leizer et al. However, higher THC concentrations are found on the outside surface of the seed coat, possibly as the result of contamination with plant leaves or flowers Ross et al.
Cannabinoids in the leaves have been shown to decrease with the age and along the stem axis, with the highest levels observed in the leaves of the uppermost nodes Pacifico et al. Cannabinoid contents in the stem are scarce in the literature. An analysis performed on the dust obtained from the top section of the stem of fiber-type hemp low percentage of bast fibers revealed a low THC and CBD content 0. Kortekaas et al. Summary of the concentrations in cannabinoids found in different parts of the hemp plants, in vitro hairy roots, and some commercial medicinal products.
The biosynthesis of cannabinoids from C. The precursors of cannabinoids actually originate from two distinct biosynthetic pathways: the polyketide pathway, giving rise to olivetolic acid OLA and the plastidal 2-C-methyl- D -erythritol 4-phosphate MEP pathway, leading to the synthesis of geranyl diphosphate GPP Sirikantaramas et al. Propyl cannabinoids cannabinoids with a C3 side-chain, instead of a C5 side-chain , such as tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid THCVA , synthetized from a divarinolic acid precursor, have also been reported in Cannabis Flores-Sanchez and Verpoorte, Schematic view of the biosynthetic pathways leading to the Cannabis secondary metabolites discussed in this review.
Transport of precursors is represented by dashed arrows, while direct catalytic reactions are depicted by bold arrows. See text for detailed pathways. The pharmacology of phytocannabinoids has previously been reviewed elsewhere Pacher et al. Most of the biological properties related to cannabinoids rely on their interactions with the endocannabinoid system in humans.
The endocannabinoid system includes two G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, as well as two endogenous ligands, anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol. Endocannabinoids are thought to modulate or play a regulatory role in a variety of physiological processing including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, memory, inflammation, insulin, sensitivity and fat and energy metabolism De Petrocellis et al.
In addition to being present in the central nervous system and throughout the brain, CB1 receptors are also found in the immune cells and the gastrointestinal, reproductive, adrenal, heart, lung and bladder tissues, where cannabinoids can therefore also exert their activities. CB2 receptors are thought to have immunomodulatory effects and to regulate cytokine activity. But THC has actually more molecular targets than just CB1 and CB2 receptors, and exhibit potent anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, analgesic, muscle relaxant, neuro-antioxidative De Petrocellis et al.
However, THC has been also associated with a number of side effects, including anxiety, cholinergic deficits, and immunosuppression Russo, CBDA is the most prevalent phytocannabinoid in the fiber-type hemp, and the second most important in the drug chemotypes. CBD itself has been shown in in vitro and animal studies to possess, among others, anti-anxiety, anti-nausea, anti-arthritic, anti-psychotic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties Burstein, CBD is a very promising cannabinoid as it has also shown potential as therapeutic agents in preclinical models of central nervous system diseases such as epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, affective disorders and the central modulation of feeding behavior Hill et al.
Interestingly, CBD presents also strong anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties, and more interestingly powerful activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA Appendino et al. CBC presents notably anti-inflammatory Delong et al. It thus affects cells of the immune system more than the central nervous system, as reviewed in McPartland and Russo, Current cannabinoid-based therapeutic treatments is limited to special cases, i.
Borrelli et al. As mentioned earlier, the recreational and medical use of Cannabis as well as of THC and other synthetic cannabinoids have also been associated with numerous side effects. Two recent reviews Volkow et al. When adjusted for confounders such as cigarette smoking, the impact of short- and long-term use appear to be similar for both types of consumption and are directly linked to the level of THC or its synthetic analog.
Effects of short-term use include memory and cognitive deficits, impaired motor coordination, and psychosis. Long-term use of THC has been associated to an increased risk of addiction, cognitive impairment, altered brain development when initial use was done early in adolescence, and an increased risk of chronic psychosis disorder including schizophrenia. The protective role that CBD could play to alleviate these negative effects is now well established and documented Iseger and Bossong, Terpenes form the largest group of phytochemicals, with more than molecules identified in Cannabis Rothschild et al.
Terpenes are responsible for the odor and flavor of the different Cannabis strains. They have therefore likely contributed to the selection of Cannabis narcotic strains under human domestication Small, Terpenes are classified in diverse families according to the number of repeating units of 5-carbon building blocks isoprene units , such as monoterpenes with 10 carbons, sesquiterpenes with 15 carbons, and triterpenes derived from a carbon skeleton.
Terpene yield and distribution in the plant vary according to numerous parameters, such as processes for obtaining essential oil, environmental conditions, or maturity of the plant Meier and Mediavilla, ; Brenneisen, Mono- and sesquiterpenes have been detected in flowers, roots, and leaves of Cannabis , with the secretory glandular hairs as main production site.
Monoterpenes dominate generally the volatile terpene profile from 3. Triterpenes have also been detected in hemp roots, as friedelin and epifriedelanol Slatkin et al. Terpenes, along with cannabinoids, have successfully been used as chemotaxonomic markers in Cannabis , as they are both considered as the main physiologically active secondary metabolites Fischedick et al.
When grown in standardized conditions, a significant and positive correlation was found between the level of terpenes and cannabinoids Fischedick et al. This may be explained by the fact that mono- and sesquiterpenes are synthesized in the same glandular trichomes in which the cannabinoids are produced Meier and Mediavilla, This association was, however, not confirmed on a larger panel of samples coming from different origins Elzinga et al. Whereas the cytosolic mevalonic acid MVA pathway is involved in the biosynthesis of sesqui-, and tri-terpenes, the plastid-localized MEP pathway contributes to the synthesis of mono-, di-, and tetraterpenes Bouvier et al.
MVA and MEP are produced through various and distinct steps, from two molecules of acetyl-coenzyme A and from pyruvate and D -glyceraldehydephosphate, respectively. FPP serves as a precursor for sesquiterpenes C15 , which are formed by terpene synthases and can be decorated by other various enzymes. Two FPP molecules are condensed by squalene synthase SQS at the endoplasmic reticulum to produce squalene C30 , the precursor for triterpenes and sterols, which are generated by oxidosqualene cyclases OSC and are modified by various tailoring enzymes.
GPP is the immediate precursor for monoterpenes Kempinski et al. Terpenes are lipophilic compounds that easily cross membranes and the blood-brain barrier in particular Fukumoto et al. They present a wide-array of pharmacological properties, which have recently been described in several reviews Russo, ; Singh and Sharma,
Our medium-strength hemp oil is a great place to begin your journey with CBD. Sourced from organic, non-GMO hemp, our oil offers you all of the nutrient-rich. Hello Hemp CBD oil is made by extracting CBD from the Cannabis Sativa.L plant, then diluting it with a carrier oil like MCT coconut oil or Hemp Seed oil. Hello.
Separation in CBD oil products is completely natural and to be expected as the oil tends to settle onto the bottom. Allow the CBD oil to absorb into your system by holding in your mouth for seconds before swallowing. TIP: If you find the flavour to be too strong, take a drink of juice as you swallow the CBD oil to mask that hempy flavour.
CBD Cannabidiol is a compound that can be extracted from Cannabis plants that have been cultivated to contain large amounts of CBD by regulated manufacturing processes to ensure the integrity of the product. CBD is completely non-psychotropic or non-psycho-active.
Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous flowering plant indigenous to eastern Asia but now of cosmopolitan distribution due to widespread cultivation. Each part of the plant is harvested differently, depending on the purpose of its use. The species was first classified by Carl Linnaeus in
'CBD lubricant is a bestseller': cannabis oil products are booming – but does the science stack up?
Cannabidiol CBD has been recently covered in the media, and you may have even seen it as an add-in booster to your post-workout smoothie or morning coffee. What exactly is CBD? Why is it suddenly so popular? CBD stands for cannabidiol. It is the second most prevalent of the active ingredients of cannabis marijuana. While CBD is an essential component of medical marijuana , it is derived directly from the hemp plant, which is a cousin of the marijuana plant.
Cannabidiol
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Cannabis sativa L. This fast-growing plant has recently seen a resurgence of interest because of its multi-purpose applications: it is indeed a treasure trove of phytochemicals and a rich source of both cellulosic and woody fibers.
Our collection includes only the best CBD oil, edibles, balms and e-liquids available to buy in the UK. All products have been tested for purity and strength. Cannabidiol is a very popular wellness supplement in the UK.
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Understanding the lingo of a rapidly expanding CBD industry, which lacks regulations and standards, can be difficult. Countless marketers bandy about odd and confusing claims. In order to determine if a product is within this legal limit, reputable CBD manufacturers have their products tested by third-party labs to obtain a Certificate of Analysis COA. Although still within the legal limit at less than 0. Surprisingly, CBD products with levels below the legal limit could be detected in a drug test and result in failure if enough is consumed. Poor manufacturing standards and dilution shortcuts have exacerbated this unfortunate but common occurrence as recently pointed out by Forbes magazine. However, these terms are not standardized in any way, so no matter what the CBD product says on the packaging full or broad spectrum , it is important to verify exactly how much THC is in the product. The truth about CBD consumption is that dosage varies drastically between individuals due to personal preferences and inconsistent instructions from manufacturers. Although CBD oils are usually consumed on the order of drops or a few milliliters, some people may take half or all of a 30mL bottle to receive their desired effects. Even at these high concentrations, CBD is non-toxic and customers are at liberty to consume at will. The tincture examined by a third-party lab in the COA image in Figure 2 above shows 0. This equals approximately That is more than enough THC to produce intoxicating psychoactive effects. The method for calculating this is shown below. The equation below compensates for the difference in density.