Hemp seedoil
The optimal combination of Omega-6 and Omega-3 essential fatty acids in Hemp Oil :. Hemp Oil is a clear, pale yellowish liquid with a hazelnut-like smell and taste , although slightly spicy. It is suitable for vegans. It is recommended to consume Hemp Seed oil raw , as it isn't suitable for cooking.
What is Hemp Seed Oil?
Hemp seed oil is well known for its nutraceutical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical properties due to a perfectly balanced content of omega 3 and omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its importance for human health is reflected by the success on the market of organic goods in recent years. However, it is of utmost importance to consider that its healthy properties are strictly related to its chemical composition, which varies depending not only on the manufacturing method, but also on the hemp variety employed.
In the present work, we analyzed the chemical profile of ten commercially available organic hemp seed oils. Their cannabinoid profile was evaluated by a liquid chromatography method coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Besides tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, other 30 cannabinoids were identified for the first time in hemp seed oil. The results obtained were processed according to an untargeted metabolomics approach.
The multivariate statistical analysis showed highly significant differences in the chemical composition and, in particular, in the cannabinoid content of the hemp oils under investigation.
Cannabis sativa L. Actually, the fresh plant produces the acidic form of phytocannabinoids, thus it is now accepted that the neutral forms derive from the non-enzymatic decarboxylation of their acidic counterpart.
On the other hand, CBD has proved to have several pharmacological properties, thus ranking among the most studied phytocannabinoids for its possible therapeutic use in a number of pathologies Pisanti et al. It has been suggested to distinguish cannabis between drug-type marijuana and fiber-type hemp , the former being high in THC and the latter high in CBD. This classification is based on the intoxicating effect of THC Small, Therefore, a CBG-type should be added to the list.
All these phytocannabinoids are produced in the glandular trichomes, which contains a resin oil mainly made of phytocannabinoids and terpenes Small, Such glandular bodies are present essentially on the female flowering and fruiting tops of cannabis plant and their highest concentration is measured on the bracts, the two small leaves surrounding the seed Small, While being void of cannabinoids in the inside, seeds can be contaminated on the outer surface by the sticky resin oil secreted by the numerous glandular trichomes present on the bracts Ross et al.
As the seeds are employed mainly for oil production, if they are cleaned properly prior to the extraction of hemp seed oil, the latter will contain only traces of cannabinoids. Conversely, it has been recently suggested that some commercial hemp seed oils can carry a total THC concentration above 10 ppm and total CBD over ppm Citti et al. Therefore, cannabis variety and the seed cleaning procedures affect, respectively the qualitative and quantitative profile of all cannabinoids eventually present in the hemp seed oil.
In this view, it is reasonable to hypothesize that other cannabinoids might be present in the hemp seed oil. Since each cannabinoid is responsible for a specific pharmacological activity Izzo et al. For instance, if the oil were produced from CBG-type cannabis, we would expect to find a predominant concentration of CBG, thus the oil should have specific nutraceutical properties exerted by this cannabinoid.
Finola and Futura, CBD-rich hemp varieties, are listed in the European cannabis varieties for industrial purposes and are indicated as the varieties of choice for hemp oil production due to the discrete amount of seeds produced Galasso et al. Our research group, and more recently other groups Berman et al. Exploiting HRMS technique, it is possible to define the comprehensive cannabinoid profile in commercial hemp seed oils in order to address their different nutraceutical properties to a specific cannabinoid.
A multivariate statistical analysis MSA was also carried out to highlight the significant differences among the commercial hemp seed oils. For the semi-quantification of the identified cannabinoids, the stock solution of the analytical standards mixture was diluted with blank matrix to the final concentrations of 0. Blank matrix was obtained as described in our previous work Citti et al. Subsequently, the seeds were cold squeezed to obtain 4 mL of hemp seed oil where the level of cannabinoids was below the limit of detection.
The final blank matrix 20 mL was obtained by diluting the oil with 16 mL of 2-propanol. QCs were analyzed in triplicate at the beginning of the batch and every 10 runs. A Poroshell EC-C18 column 3. The gradient elution was set as follows: 0.
The total run time was 65 min. The flow rate was set at 0. Analyses were carried out using Xcalibur 3. The exact masses of the compounds were calculated using Qual Browser in Xcalibur 3. In particular, the platform applies peak detection, retention time correction, profile alignment, and isotope annotation. The raw files were organized in datasets and processed as a multi-group type experiment.
The relative quantification of the identified compounds was based on the corresponding peak areas. The results output was exported and processed with MetaboAnalyst 3. Principal component analysis PCA was obtained after data normalization by a specified feature CBD- d 3 and autoscaling.
A heatmap was built according to Euclidean distance and Ward clustering algorithm on normalized and auto-scaled data. The first goal of the present work was to develop a chromatographic method able to separate the different cannabinoids. In particular, since most of them are isomers and show similar fragmentation spectra, their identification is possible only according to their retention time.
A chromatographic method for the chemical profiling of cannabis oil medicinal extracts has been previously developed by our group Citti et al. This method has been adapted to the purpose of the present work and proved to be suitable for the separation of cannabinoids in hemp seed oil. The separation of the compounds of interest was carried out on a core-shell stationary phase in reverse phase mode, which showed good performances in terms of retention of the analytes, peak shape and resolution power Citti et al.
This allowed for an optimal separation of cannabinoids from minute However, in this case, we were able to obtain a baseline resolution using the abovementioned chromatographic conditions.
Figure 1. In order to propose a reliable fragmentation mechanism, we exploited the mass spectra of the cannabinoid deuterated standards. However, this breakage is more difficult to occur than that on the terpene moiety. Moreover, the fragmentation spectrum of CBD- d 3 shows the presence of the three deuterium atoms in the fragments The presence of the fragment in the CBD- d 3 spectrum confirmed the proposed mechanism.
The other relevant fragments are Besides the fragments Figure 2. The chromatographic conditions employed allows an optimal separation of the two isomers, which is important when the MS spectrum does not help with the identification. However, the literature reports that the two molecules can be distinguished in negative mode at NCE above 40 by the intensity of the product ion In this case, only the retention time can be indicative of the identity of the molecule.
On the other hand, the fragmentation pattern in negative mode Figure 3B shows a great difference in terms of number of fragments. Figure 3. The same consideration could be made for the acidic precursor THCA Supplementary Figure S13 , which shows a fragmentation spectrum in positive mode similar to that of CBDA to the point that they could be easily mistaken.
The loss of water leads to a very small fragment The dihydropyran ring probably confers different chemical properties and reactivity to the whole molecule. CBN elutes after CBD because of the additional pyran ring, which confers higher lipophilicity, but before THC due to the presence of aromaticity responsible for a higher polarity compared to the simple cyclohexane. In negative mode Figure 4B , CBN fragmentation spectrum is very simple with only very low-intensity product ions and the molecular ion [M—H] - It originates the fragment Such fragmentation does not occur in other cannabinoids most likely because the C—C bond between two benzene rings is stronger and more difficult to break than the C—C bond between a benzene ring and a terpene moiety.
Figure 4. This could be explained by the slightly higher lipophilicity of the open isoprenoid chain compared to the closed limonene moiety. CBG has a very simple fragmentation spectrum in both positive and negative mode.
The molecular ion [M—H] - These product ions derive from the progressive loss of carbon units of the isoprenoid moiety. Figure 5. The [M—H] - molecular ion The other fragments have very low abundance: CBC elutes after THC due to a ring opening and the presence of an additional long alkyl chain on the pyran ring. Its retention time is slightly lower than that of THCA. The other two product ions, Figure 6. Hemp seed oil is an invaluable source of nutrients and other compounds with undeniable nutraceutical properties, spanning polyunsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, tocopherols, proteins, carbohydrates, lignanamides and cannabinoids, which contribute to the overall health benefits of this functional food Giorgi et al.
While most of these classes of compounds have been thoroughly characterized, the attention on the cannabinoid class has been focused only on the major and best known of them like CBD, THC and CBN. However, a comprehensive cannabinoid profile has never been defined. To this aim, we employed the cutting-edge technology for liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry, which ensures a superior level of mass accuracy and allowed for the identification of a greater number of compounds compared to other techniques Citti et al.
Figure 7 shows an example of the total ion chromatograms of a hemp seed oil sample obtained in positive A and negative B ionization mode. Figure 7. In the present work, we report the identification of 32 cannabinoids in 10 commercial hemp seed oils obtained by organic farming. It is noteworthy that for the first time a number of cannabinoids, which to the best of our knowledge have never been reported, have been identified in hemp seed oil.
A recent work by Berman et al. Moreover, four other cannabinoids were added to the spectral mass library. Cannabiripsol CBR was identified according to its similarity with CBT as they differ only for the presence of a double bond on the latter. Mass fragmentation spectra in positive and negative mode are reported in the Supplementary Material and are available for other researchers with similar instrumental equipment who need a possible comparison for the identification of unknown cannabinoids.
A plausible fragmentation mechanism in both polarities is also proposed Supplementary Material. Lastly, a semi-quantification was carried out in order to provide approximate concentrations of the identified cannabinoids, since absolute quantification is applicable only to level 1 cannabinoids, for which authentic standards are available. Absolute quantification of cannabinoids from level 2 to 4 1 is not viable without appropriate analytical ploys. The linear equations for these cannabinoids are reported in the Supplementary Material.
Hemp oil can refer to a full-spectrum oil from the Cannabis sativa plant or hemp seed oil, which is oil that comes from just the seeds of the hemp. Hempseed oil will be listed as cannabis sativa seed oil. CBD will usually be listed as cannabidiol, full-spectrum hemp, hemp oil, PCR .
Since the Farm Bill legalized the production of hemp in the U. Hemp seed oil, also called hemp oil, has been around for decades, often sold at health food stores and used in cooking and skincare. The oil is made by pressing hemp seeds and has a ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids. Refined hemp seed oil is clear and colorless, with little flavor, and is primarily used for body and skincare, while industrial hemp seed oil is used in lubricants, paints, inks, fuel and plastics. The easiest way to check which is which is to check the ingredient list.
The seeds are cold-pressed to produce one of the most diverse and nutritionally strong oils available. Hemp seeds do not have as many phytochemicals as the plant itself but they have a rich profile of fatty acids, nutrients, and valuable bioactive vitamins and minerals.
This stepping stone came in the form on a farm bill that was passed, and not just any farm bill. This farm bill was monumental because it legalized the production of industrial hemp throughout the US.
What are the benefits of hemp seed oil?
By Holly Thomas February 20, Everyone's going a little crazy for Hemp Seed Oil at the moment and rightly so. What is Hemp Seed Oil made from? Is it actually good for your skin? And can it get you high…? The oil is legally used in large quantity for cosmetics and nutritional supplements when it has a THC content of less than 0.
Dietary Hemp seed Oil
Hemp seed oil is well known for its nutraceutical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical properties due to a perfectly balanced content of omega 3 and omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Its importance for human health is reflected by the success on the market of organic goods in recent years. However, it is of utmost importance to consider that its healthy properties are strictly related to its chemical composition, which varies depending not only on the manufacturing method, but also on the hemp variety employed. In the present work, we analyzed the chemical profile of ten commercially available organic hemp seed oils. Their cannabinoid profile was evaluated by a liquid chromatography method coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Besides tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, other 30 cannabinoids were identified for the first time in hemp seed oil. The results obtained were processed according to an untargeted metabolomics approach. The multivariate statistical analysis showed highly significant differences in the chemical composition and, in particular, in the cannabinoid content of the hemp oils under investigation. Cannabis sativa L. Actually, the fresh plant produces the acidic form of phytocannabinoids, thus it is now accepted that the neutral forms derive from the non-enzymatic decarboxylation of their acidic counterpart.
Hemp seed oil has an incredible amount of beneficial properties that are only recently being studied with increasing enthusiasm thanks to the amazing benefits that hemp seed oil can provide when consumed daily.
Hemp oil hemp seed oil is oil obtained by pressing hemp seeds. Cold pressed, unrefined hemp oil is dark to clear light green in color, with a nutty flavor.